Charles Dickens Diary for Writing Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens Diary for Writing Great Expectations Essay I can't yet completely reprimand the languid social and good maltreatment in this nation. The will to make a move has asked me to compose Great Expectations so as to pounce upon the evil conditions that exist in England. In this novel, my dear characters are admired so as to intensely stand out from the monstrous social certainties that I uncover. For it is completely my purpose to raise the familiarity with these undermining and unfair conditions that we so impassively live with. Goodness what a pity! A misery without a doubt, that the once harmless and basic Pip might be changed into the affected and obstinate character he becomes. For what was the purpose behind Pip’s unforeseen change? Obviously, it is nothing however the social-class division that takes care of the longing of narrow minded desire. Here in England, the social-class decides how an individual is dealt with and his entrance to instruction. This most oppressive disposition is shown when the in any case detached tailor servilely goes to Pip subsequent to becoming aware of his fortune regardless of turning a brush off to him prior. Is cash enough to transform a man into a mouse? Can any anyone explain why charm doesn't deserve admiration yet pounds and shillings? Subsequent to accomplishing a tremendous measure of riches, Pip even starts to treat his dearest companion and defender, Joe, with a predominant air. Was Joe not bounty a’ delicate and reasonable for Pip? Had Joe been an insufficient companion? In no way, shape or form, twas’ being Pip currently had a place with a higher social class. Not exclusively does social standing decide how one was dealt with every day, yet additionally had an uncalled for and contemptible impact in court thinking in our general public. On account of the two convicts, the fundamental culprit, a noble men, expressed with all due respect discourse â€Å"..here you has in advance of you, one next to the other, two people as your eyes can isolate wide; one, the more youthful, all around raised one; the senior, not well raised which is the most exceedingly awful one? The most suspicious and disgusting perspective isn't the utilization of a character blackening, however the court expeditiously basing the whole choice of the preliminary carefully on this announcement with respect to social appearance. I guarantee you, this isn't exceptional at all in this nation. Preliminaries and questions are unjustifiably one-sided and respectability comes affectionately intertwined with class and cash instead of rationale and verification. Ok! In spite of the fact that the facts demonstrate that social class assumes a colossal job in everyone’s lives, it everything except influences one’s character. One’s character is still left unblemished in spite of the obstructive society partition. A legit however poor man today will verifiably hold more truth than a shrewd rich man. Alas’, tragically this is a long way from the case today. The optional explanation that had provoked me to compose this novel was the state of being of London. Being a nearby inhabitant of London, I bore firsthand observer with the impacts of industrialization. At the expense of clean air and green living space, London changed into a trader city loaded with occupations and individuals. O how I do miss the fresh perfect fields of the open country. This nostalgia was the explanation that incited me to expound on the graphic settings and clamoring exercises inside the city. Also the packed condition individuals lived in, crude sewage and poor working conditions. Subsequently, I am not especially enamored with blue-bloods and express this through my characters. Through them, I uncover the dangerous accepted practices, for example, Magistrates courts and the social partition. Too, my suggestive recollections of recognizable settings and my need to investigate the conditions in the city have constrained me to compose this novel. The finished result can't resist the opportunity to summon a feeling of mindfulness and social honesty from the peruser.

Freuds Ideas Remain Influential Even When They Seem Implausible Essay

Freuds Ideas Remain Influential Even When They Seem Implausible - Essay Example As indicated by Freud, the self image comes to fruition during the early stages phase of human turn of events and the objective of this part of mental advancement is to discover fulfillment for the wants of the id yet in a way which is sheltered (Freud, 2010). While the id is generally commanded by the senses of the individual, the personality is ruled by the real world and in spite of the way that it moves in the direction of the satisfaction of the wants of the id, the conscience can be supposed to be founded on the control of these wants with the goal that they don't turn crazy. The personality, in this way, capacities in the oblivious level as well as in the cognizant level and this guarantees there is a harmony between the two. The superego, then again, creates during youth when the youngster comes to relate to the parent of a similar sex, and this parent turns into the compass for the child’s moral turn of events. It is the superego which is answerable for the turn of ev ents and maintaining of virtues among people as a methods for guaranteeing that they carry on in a way which is as per the qualities and standards of the general public. Additionally, it is liable for the sentiments of blame which harrow people when they submit acts which conflict with the estimations of the general public (Freud, 2013), and this empowers them to address their missteps. As per Freud, there comes when there are clashes between the id and the superego and when this happens, it is regularly the job of the sense of self to go about as an arbiter and to choose the best game-plan that can be attempted to comprehend the contention. It is a direct result of this that at times, the personality sets up guard components which are intended to guarantee that it isn't overpowered by uneasiness and this empowers it to settle on the correct choice about what to do. It has been announced that the hypotheses delivered by Freud, while truly adept at giving clarifications to conduct, are not exactly acceptable at making forecasts for the conceivable event of such conduct. It is hence that there has emerged a conviction that Freud’s hypotheses are not logical in light of the fact that they can nor be refuted nor valid. A case of such a situation is the assurance of what happens in the oblivious brain in light of the way this is something which can't be tried or estimated in a goal way (Levin, 2010). It is a result of this that it is accepted that the hypotheses spread by Freud are neither logical nor do they have objectivity. In view of the moderately scarcely any examples that he utilized, it has been pronounced that Freud’s studies and results were unrepresentative of everybody since he fundamentally made investigations of himself, his patients and just a single youngster. Since the majority of the investigations comprised of his patients, generally ladies of center age.â

Essay Sample What is Ethnocentrism

Essay Sample What is Ethnocentrism “We learn something every day, and lots of times its that what we learned the day before was wrong.” William E. Vaughan. The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places youll go. Thus, learning how to understand peoples cultures, promote engagement with others, and build strong, diverse communities is very important part of our every day to day live. Nowadays, having variety of cultures and mix of customs and traditions, the question of understanding the differences between them, respecting people for what they are and treating them in regards of their ideals and beliefs becomes more and more important. Cultural relativism and social generalizations Cultural relativism explains the idea behind it: people’s esteem should be given in order to appreciate the differences in them as well as to act in accordence to their behaviour. This term suggests that a persons beliefs and activities should be understood based on that persons own culture. But our actions sometimes may lead to unexpected consequences that we can not predict and manage. Ethnocentric individuals believe that they are better than other individuals for reasons based solely on their heritage. Clearly, this practice is related to problems of both racism and prejudice. What is ethnocentrism? Ethnocentrism, in contrast to cultural relativism, by definition is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture. The word ethnocentrism derives from the Greek word ethnos, meaning “nation” or “people,” and the English word center. A common idiom for ethnocentrism is “tunnel vision.” In this context, the cultural traits which are similar to those of the observers, are evaluated as better than those which are quite different. The attitude where a person attributes ones own culture as superior to other lacks objectivity. Such an attitude makes difficult for us to realise what is right in our eyes can be quite wrong from others point of view. Social scientists strive to treat cultural differences as neither inferior nor superior. As it expresses an inability to appreciate the viewpoint of other cultures where languages, religions, morality and ethical standards are different, having the objective opinion on the matter is very important. Ethnocentrism in modern world Ethnocentrism cause an unconscious conflict of an individual or group against other individuals or groups. Such an attitude is responsible for creating many personal, group, racial, and cultural problems ranging from an individual to international level. It creates tight boundaries among various social groups. The inter-group relations are hampered due to prejudice against another. The process of social relations among various groups gets slower. The prejudice created by it creates conflict and tension among many groups. Examples of Ethnocentrism While many people may recognize the problems, they may not realize that ethnocentrism occurs everywhere and everyday at both the local and political levels. The example of ethnocentrism can be met in modern society: reluctance or aversion to trying another cultures cuisine is ethnocentric. To clearly define ethnocentrism, here are the following examples to be looked at. For example, when we in Pakistan say that Hindu culture or Western culture is not good, we pass such a judgement, keeping our own cultural and social standards in our minds. Such beliefs and value system stratified the populations into many different categories, where assimilation of different cultures becomes difficult resulting in different treatment for various sections of population. Another example of Ethnocentrism is as following. We, being a part of urban industrial society, are frequently tend to think of Cree Indians as being free of the stresses of modern society, but this view fails to recognize that there are many stresses in their way of life, including the threat of starvation if injured while checking a trap line a hundred miles from base camp or when game cycles hit low ebbs. False positive assumptions are just as misleading as false negative assumptions. The problem of ethnocentrism is often reflected in the movies. The film-makers are trying to cover the problem with humor. Thus, the issue of ethnocentrism occurs in the comedy American Wedding. Upon learning that her grandson is not marrying a Jewish girl, Jims grandmother becomes inconsolable. Furthermore, Michelles father makes the mistake of toasting to his soon-to-be in laws with hopes that they will sit many happy shivas together. He is painted as a fool for his statement, and the movie subtly indicates a Jewish ethnocentrism. Despite ethnocentrismhas its posititive impact on society (as it provides protection to group members who are weak, poor, hopeless by creating sense of belonging among them) we can not ignore its negative impact. The assumptions we make about others experience can involve false negative judgments, reflected in the common definition of ethnocentrism. Assumptions can also reflect false positive attitudes about others ways. There are plenty of examples abound in our local communities, as well as around the world. All in all, we can not justly prejudice ourselves against those who disagree with us because there is no given standard by which we are to judge who is right or wrong. Thus, we need to learn how to be tolerant towards those who hold contradictory views.

Joseph Michael Swango, Serial Killer Profile and Biography

Joseph Michael Swango is a serial killer who, as a trusted doctor, had easy access to his victims. Authorities believe he murdered up to 60 people and poisoned countless others, including co-workers, friends and his wife. Childhood Years Michael Swango was born on October 21, 1954, in Tacoma, Washington, to Muriel and John Virgil Swango. He was the middle son of three boys and the child that Muriel believed was the most gifted. John Swango was an Army officer which meant the family was constantly relocating. It was not until 1968, when the family moved to Quincy, Illinois, that they finally settled down. The atmosphere in the Swango home depended on whether or not John was present. When he was not there, Muriel tried to maintain a peaceful home, and she kept a strong hold on the boys. When John was on leave and at home from his military duties, the home resembled a military facility, with John as the strict disciplinarian. All of the Swango children feared their father as did Muriel.  His struggle with alcoholism was the main contributor to the tension and upheaval that went on in the home. High School Concerned that Michael would be under-challenged in the public school system in Quincy, Muriel decided to ignore her Presbyterian roots and enrolled him in the Christian Brothers High School, a private Catholic school known for its high academic standards. Michaels brothers attended the public schools. At Christian Brothers, Michael excelled academically and became involved in various extracurricular activities. Like his mother, he developed a love of music and learned to read music, sing, play the piano, and mastered the clarinet well enough to become a member of the Quincy Notre Dame band and tour with the Quincy College Wind Ensemble. Millikin University Michael graduated as class valedictorian from Christian Brothers in 1972. His high school achievements were impressive, but his exposure to what was available for him in selecting the best colleges to attend to was limited. He decided on Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois, where he received a full music scholarship. There Swango maintained top grades during his first two years, however, he became an outcast from social activities after his girlfriend ended their relationship. His attitude became reclusive. His outlook changed. He exchanged his collegiate blazers for military fatigues. During the summer after his second year at Millikin, he stopped playing music, quit college and joined the Marines. Swango became a trained  sharpshooter for the Marines, but decided against a military career. He wanted to return to college and become a doctor. In 1976, he received an honorable discharge. Quincy College Swango decided to attend Quincy College to earn a degree in chemistry and biology. For unknown reasons, once accepted into the college, he decided to embellish his permanent records by submitting a form with lies stating that he had earned a Bronze Star and the Purple Heart while in the Marines. In his senior year at Quincy College, he elected to do his chemistry thesis on the bizarre poisoning death of Bulgarian writer  Georgi Markov. Swango developed an obsessive interest in poisons that could be used as silent killers. He graduated  summa cum laude from Quincy College in 1979. With an award for academic excellence from the American Chemical Society tucked under his arm, Swango set out to get accepted into medical school, a task that was not so simple during the early 1980s. At that time, there was fierce competition among a massive number of applicants trying to get into a limited amount of schools throughout the country. Swango managed to beat the odds and he got into Southern Illinois University (SIU). Southern Illinois University Swangos time at SIU received mixed reviews from his professors and fellow classmates. During his first two years, he earned a reputation for being serious about his studies but was also suspected of taking unethical shortcuts when preparing for tests and group projects. Swango had little personal interaction with his classmates after he began working as an ambulance driver. For a first-year medical student struggling with tough academic demands, such a job caused great stress. In his third year at SIU, the one-on-one contact with patients increased. During this time, there were at least five patients that died after they had just received a visit from Swango. The coincidence was so great, that his classmates began to call him Double-O Swango, a reference to the James Bond and the license to kill slogan. They also began to view him as incompetent, lazy and just strange. Obsessed With Violent Death From the age of three, Swango showed an unusual interest in violent deaths. As he got older, he became fixated on stories about the  Holocaust, particularly those that contained pictures of the death camps. His interest was so strong that he began to keep a scrapbook of pictures and articles about fatal car wrecks and macabre crimes. His mother would also contribute to his scrapbooks when she came across such articles. By the time Swango attended SIU, he had put together several scrapbooks. When he took the job as an ambulance driver, not only did his scrapbooks grow, but he was seeing firsthand what he had only read about for so many years. His fixation was so strong that he would rarely turn down the chance to work, even if it meant sacrificing his studies. His classmates felt that Swango showed more dedication to making a career as an ambulance driver than he did for getting his medical degree. His work had become sloppy and he often left unfinished projects because his beeper would go off, signaling him that the ambulance company needed him for an emergency. The Final Eight Weeks In Swangos final year at SIU, he sent off applications for internships and residency programs in neurosurgery to several teaching colleges. With the help of his teacher and mentor, Dr. Wacaser, who was also a neurosurgeon, Swango was able to provide the colleges with a letter of recommendation. Wacaser even took the time to write a handwritten personal note of confidence on each letter. Swango was accepted in neurosurgery at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa City. Once he nailed down his residency, Swango showed little interest in his remaining eight weeks at SIU. He failed to show up for required rotations and to watch specific surgeries performed. This astounded Dr. Kathleen OConnor who was in charge of overseeing Swangos performance. She called his place of employment to schedule a meeting to discuss the matter. She did not find him, but she did learn that the ambulance company no longer permitted Swango to have direct contact with patients, although the reason why was not disclosed. When she finally did see Swango, she gave him the assignment to perform a complete history and examination on a woman who was going to have a  cesarean delivery. She also observed him entering the womans room and leaving after just 10 minutes. Swango then turned in a very thorough report on the woman, an impossible task given the amount of time he was in her room. OConnor found Swangos actions reprehensible and the decision to fail him was made. It meant that he would not be graduating and his internship in Iowa would be canceled. As the news spread about Swango not graduating, two camps were formed--those  for and those against SIUs decision. Some of Swangos classmates who had long decided that he was not fit to be a doctor used the opportunity to sign off on a letter describing Swangos incompetence and poor character. They recommended that he be expelled. Had Swango not hired a lawyer, it is likely that he would have been expelled from SIU, but shrinking from the fear of being sued and wanting to avoid the costly expense of litigation, the college decided to postpone his graduation by a year and give him another chance, but with a strict set of rules that he had to follow. Swango immediately cleaned up his act and refocused his attention on completing the requirements to graduate. He reapplied to several residency programs, having lost the one in Iowa. Despite having an extremely poor evaluation from the dean of ISU, he was accepted into a surgical internship, followed by a very prestigious residency program in neurosurgery at Ohio State University. This left many who knew Swangos history completely dumbfounded, but he apparently aced his personal interview and was the only student out of sixty accepted into the program. Around the time of his graduation, Swango was fired from the ambulance company after he told a man having a heart attack to walk to his car and have his wife drive him to the hospital. Deadly Compulsion Swango began his internship at Ohio State in 1983. He was assigned to the Rhodes Hall wing of the medical center. Shortly after he began, there was a series of unexplained deaths among several healthy patients being cared for in the wing. One of the patients who survived a severe seizure told the nurses that Swango had injected medicine into her just minutes before she became critically ill. Nurses also reported to the head nurse their concerns about seeing Swango in patients rooms during odd times. There were numerous occasions when patients were found near death or dead just minutes after Swango left the rooms. The administration was alerted and an investigation was launched, however, it seemed as if it was designed to discredit the eyewitness reports from the nurses and patients so that the matter could be closed and any residual damage curbed. Swango was exonerated  of any wrongdoing. He returned to work, but was moved to the Doan Hall wing. Within days, several patients on the Doan Hall wing began to die mysteriously. There was also an incident when several residents became violently ill after Swango offered to go get fried chicken for everyone. Swango also ate the chicken but did not get sick. License to Practice Medicine In March 1984, the Ohio State residency review committee decided that Swango did not have the necessary qualities needed to become a neurosurgeon. He was told he could complete his one-year internship at Ohio State, but he was not invited back to complete his second year of residency. Swango stayed on at Ohio State until July 1984 and then moved home to Quincy. Before moving back he applied to get his license to practice medicine from the Ohio State Medical Board, which was approved in September 1984. Welcome Home Swango did not tell his family about the trouble he encountered while at Ohio State or that his acceptance into his second-year residency had been rejected. Instead, he said he did not like the other doctors in Ohio. In July 1984, he began working for Adams County Ambulance Corp as an emergency medical technician. Apparently, a background check was not done on Swango because he had worked there in the past while attending Quincy College. The fact that he had been fired from another ambulance company never surfaced. What did begin to surface was Swangos weird opinions and behavior. Out came his scrapbooks filled with references to violence and gore, which he doted on regularly. He began making inappropriate and strange comments related to death and people dying. He would become visibly excited over CNN news stories about mass killings and horrific auto accidents. Even to hardened paramedics that had seen it all, Swangos lust for blood and guts was downright creepy. In September the first noticeable incident that Swango was dangerous occurred when he brought doughnuts for his co-workers. Everyone who ate one ended up becoming violently ill and several had to go to the hospital. There were other incidents where co-workers became ill after eating or drinking something Swango had prepared. Suspecting that he was purposely making them ill, some of the workers decided to get tested. When they tested positive for poison, a police investigation was launched. The police obtained a search warrant for his home and inside they found hundreds of drugs and poisons, several containers of ant poison, books on poison, and syringes. Swango was arrested and charged with battery. The Slammer On August 23, 1985, Swango was convicted of aggravated battery and he was sentenced to five years behind bars. He also lost his medical licenses from Ohio and Illinois. While he was in prison, Swango began trying to mend his ruined reputation by doing an interview with John Stossel who was doing a segment about his case on the ABC program,? 20/20. Dressed in a suit and tie, Swango insisted that he was innocent and said that the evidence that was used to convict him lacked integrity. A Cover Up Exposed As part of the investigation, a look into Swangos past was conducted and the incidents of patients dying under suspicious circumstances at Ohio State resurfaced. The hospital was reluctant to allow the police access to their records. However, once the global news agencies got wind of the story, the university president, Edward Jennings, assigned the dean of Ohio State University Law School, James Meeks, to conduct a full investigation to determine if the situation surrounding Swango had been handled properly. This also meant investigating the conduct of some of the most prestigious people in the university. Offering an unbiased assessment of the events that had occurred, Meeks concluded that legally, the hospital should have reported the suspicious incidents to the police because it was their job to decide if any criminal activity had occurred. He also referred to the initial investigations performed by the hospital as superficial. Meeks also pointed out that he found it astounding that the hospital administrators had not kept a permanent record detailing what had occurred. Once full disclosure was obtained by police, the prosecutors from Franklin County, Ohio, toyed with the idea of charging Swango with murder and attempted murder, but due to a lack of evidence, they decided against it. Back on the Streets Swango served two years of his five-year sentence and was released on August 21, 1987. His girlfriend, Rita Dumas, had fully supported Swango throughout his trial and during his time in prison. When he got out the two of them moved to Hampton, Virginia. Swango applied for his medical license in Virginia, but because of his criminal record, his application was denied. He then found employment with the state as a career counselor, but it was not long before weird things began to happen. Just like what happened in Quincy, three of his co-workers suddenly experienced severe nausea and headaches. He was caught gluing gory articles into his scrapbook when he should have been working. It was also discovered that he had turned a room in the office building basement into a kind of bedroom where he often stayed for the night. He was asked to leave in May 1989. Swango then went to work as a lab technician for Aticoal Services in Newport News, Virginia. In July 1989, he and Rita got married, but almost immediately after exchanging vows, their relationship began to unravel. Swango began ignoring Rita and they stopped sharing a bedroom. Financially he refused to contribute to the bills and took money out of Ritas account without asking. Rita decided to end the marriage when she suspected that Swango was seeing another woman. The two separated in January 1991. Meanwhile, at Aticoal Services several employees, including the president of the company, began suffering from sudden bouts of severe stomach cramping, nausea, dizziness, and muscle weakness. Some of them were hospitalized and one of the executives of the company was nearly comatose. Unphased by the wave of illnesses going around the office, Swango had more important issues to work out. He wanted to get his medical license back and start working as a doctor again. He decided to quit the job at Aticoal and started applying at residency programs. Its All in the Name At the same time, Swango decided that, if he was going to get back into the medicine, he would need a new name. On January 18, 1990, Swango had his name legally changed to David Jackson Adams. In May 1991, Swango applied for the residency program at Ohio Valley Medical Center in Wheeling, West Virginia. Dr. Jeffrey Schultz, who was the chief of medicine at the hospital, had several communications with Swango, mainly centering on the events surrounding the suspension of his medical license. Swango lied about what had happened, downplaying the battery by poisoning conviction, and said instead that he was convicted for an altercation he was involved in at a restaurant. Dr. Schultz opinion was that such a punishment was far too severe so he continued to try to verify Swangos account of what happened. In return, Swango forged several documents, including a prison fact sheet which stated that he had been convicted of hitting someone with his fists. He also forged a letter from the Governor of Virginia stating that his application for Restoration of Civil Rights had been approved. Dr. Schultz continued to try to verify the information that Swango had provided to him and forwarded a copy of the documents to the Quincy authorities. The correct documents were forwarded back to Dr. Schultz who then made the decision to reject Swangos application. The rejection did little to slow down Swango who was determined to get back into medicine. Next, he sent an application to the residency program at the University of South Dakota. Impressed by his credentials, the director of the internal medicine residency program, Dr. Anthony Salem, opened up communications with Swango. This time Swango said the battery charge involved poison, but that coworkers who were jealous that he was a doctor had framed him. After several exchanges, Dr. Salem invited Swango to come for a series of personal interviews. Swango managed to charm his way through most of the interviews and on March 18, 1992, he was accepted into the internal medicine residency program. Kristen Kinney While he was employed at Aticoal, Michael had spent time taking medical courses at the Newport News Riverside Hospital. It was there that he met Kristen Kinney, to whom he was immediately attracted to and aggressively pursued. Kristen, who was a nurse at the hospital, was quite beautiful and had an easy smile. Although she was already engaged when she met Swango, she found him attractive and very likable. She ended up calling off her engagement and the two began dating regularly. Some of her friends felt it was important that Kristen know about some of the dark rumors they had heard about Swango, but she did not take any of it seriously. The man she knew was nothing like the man they were describing. When it came time for Swango to move to South Dakota to begin his residency program, Kristen immediately agreed that they would move there together. Sioux Falls At the end of May, Kristen and Swango moved to Sioux Falls, South Dakota. They quickly established themselves in their new home and Kristen got a job in the intensive care unit at the Royal C. Johnson Veterans Memorial Hospital. This was the same hospital where Swango began his residency, although no one was aware that the two knew each other. Swangos work was exemplary and he was well liked by his peers and the nurses. He no longer discussed the thrill of seeing a violent accident nor did he exhibit the other oddities in his character that had caused problems at other jobs. Skeletons in the Closet Things were going great for the couple until October when Swango decided to join the American Medical Association. The AMA did a thorough background check and because of his convictions, they decided to turn it over to the council on ethical and judicial affairs. Someone from AMA then contacted their friend, the dean of the University of South Dakota medical school, and informed him of all of the skeletons in Swangos closet, including the suspicions surrounding the death of several patients. Then on the same evening, The Justice Files television program aired the 20/20 interview that Swango had given while he was in prison. Swangos dream of working as a doctor again was over. He was asked to resign. As for Kristen, she was in shock. She was completely ignorant of Swangos true past until she watched a tape of the 20/20 interview in Dr. Schultz office on the day Swango was being questioned. In the following months, Kristen began to suffer from violent headaches. She no longer smiled and began to withdraw from her friends at work. At one point, she was placed in a psychiatric hospital after the police found her wandering in the street, nude and confused. Finally, in April 1993, unable to take it anymore, she left Swango and returned to Virginia. Soon after leaving, her migraines went away. However, just a few weeks later, Swango showed up on her doorstep in Virginia and the two were back together. With his confidence restored, Swango began sending out new applications to medical schools. Stony Brook School of Medicine Incredibly, Swango lied his way into the psychiatric residency program at the State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Medicine. He relocated, leaving Kristen in Virginia, and began his first rotation in the internal medicine department at the VA Medical Center in Northport, New York. Again, patients began to mysteriously die wherever Swango worked. Suicide Kristen and Swango had been apart for four months, although they continued to talk on the phone. During the last conversation that they had, Kristen learned that Swango had emptied out her checking account. The next day, July 15, 1993, Kristen committed suicide by shooting herself in the chest. A Mothers Revenge Kristens mother, Sharon Cooper, hated Swango and blamed him for her daughters suicide. She found it inconceivable that he was working at a hospital again. She knew the only way he got in was by lying and she decided to do something about it. She contacted a friend of Kristens who was a nurse in South Dakota and included his full address in the letter stating that she was glad that he could not hurt Kristen anymore, but she was afraid of where he was working now. Kristens friend clearly understood the message and immediately passed along the information to the right person who contacted the dean of the medical school at Stony Brook, Jordan Cohen. Almost immediately Swango was fired. To try to prevent another medical facility from being duped by Swango, Cohen sent letters to all the medical schools and over 1,000 teaching hospitals in the country, warning them about Swangos past and his sneaky tactics to gain admission. Here Come the Feds After being fired from the VA hospital, Swango seemingly went underground. The FBI was on the hunt for him for falsifying his credentials in order to get a job in a VA facility. It was not until July 1994 that he resurfaced. This time he was working as Jack Kirk for a company in Atlanta called Photocircuits. It was a wastewater treatment facility and frighteningly, Swango had direct access to Atlantas water supply. Fearing Swangos obsession over mass killings, the FBI contacted Photocircuits and Swango was immediately fired for lying on his job application. At that point, Swango seemed to vanish, leaving behind a warrant for his arrest issued by the FBI. Africa Swango was smart enough to realize that his best move was to get out of the country. He sent his application and altered references to an agency called Options, which helps American doctors find work in foreign countries. In November 1994, the Lutheran church hired Swango after obtaining his application and falsified recommendations through Options. He was to go to a remote area of Zimbabwe. The hospital director, Dr. Christopher Zshiri, was thrilled to have an American doctor join the hospital, but once Swango began working it became apparent that he was untrained to perform some very basic procedures. It was decided that he would go to one of the sister hospitals and train for five months, and then return to Mnene Hospital to work. For the first five months in Zimbabwe, Swango received glowing reviews and almost everyone on the medical staff admired his dedication and hard work. But when he returned to Mnene after his training, his attitude was different. He no longer seemed interested in the hospital or his patients. People whispered about how lazy and rude he had become. Once again, patients began mysteriously dying. Some of the patients that survived had a clear recall about Swango coming to their rooms and giving them injections right before they went into convulsions. A handful of nurses also admitted to seeing Swango near patients just minutes before they died. Dr. Zshiri contacted the police and a search of Swangos cottage turned up hundreds of various drugs and poisons. On October 13, 1995, he was handed a termination letter and he had a week to vacate hospital property. For the next year and a half, Swango continued his stay in Zimbabwe while his lawyer worked to have his position at the Mnene hospital restored and his license to practice medicine in Zimbabwe reinstated. He eventually fled Zimbabwe to Zambia when evidence of his guilt began to surface. Busted On June 27, 1997, Swango entered the U.S. at the Chicago-OHare airport while in route to the Royal Hospital in Dhahran in Saudi Arabia. He was promptly arrested by immigration officials and held in prison in New York to await his trial. A year later Swango pleaded guilty to defrauding the government and he was sentenced to three years and six months in prison. In July 2000, just days before he was to be released, federal authorities charged Swango with one count of assault, three counts of murder, three counts of making false statements, one count of defrauding by use of wires, and mail fraud. In the meantime, Zimbabwe was fighting to have Swango extradited to Africa to face five counts of murder. Swango pleaded not guilty, but fearing that he could be facing the death penalty on being handed over to the Zimbabwe authorities, he decided to change his plea to guilty of murder and fraud. Michael Swango received three consecutive life sentences. He is currently serving his time at the supermax U.S. Penitentiary, Florence ADX.

Essay on Crime Typologies - 3922 Words

| | | ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to recognize the different types of Crime Typologies such as violent crime, property crime, enterprise crime, and public order crime. It examines each crime by giving the definitive analysis of the crimes as well as the many examples that fall under the specific crimes. This paper aims to answer some of the questions most criminologists face as well as our society as a whole. Questions such as, how often are these crimes committed? What possesses individuals to commit these crimes? How does society actually view these crimes? Have these crimes become so imbedded in our society that we are starting to consider this part of the normal way of life? Included in this†¦show more content†¦Although most of violence in the media focuses on violence by strangers, it is reported that most violent crimes are perpetrated on family members or acquaintances (Gale, 2001). The Rational Choice Theory assumes that criminals use a number of different factors and a thorough thought process before choosing to commit a crime. These factors include the risk of being caught, the consequences of the crime committed (i.e. jail time, death, familial consequences, etc), personal factors (need, thrill, etc), and situation factors (police force efficiency and presence, guard systems in place, etc) (Siegel, 2006). Through weighing each of these, the individual decides whether or not to commit the crime, where to commit the crime, and who to victimize. While some people do collect weapons, most people who both purchase and carry their weapons are ready to use them. Those living in bad neighborhoods may carry a gun or knife for protection, while others may draw motivation from fear of retaliation, prosecution, or even from the thrill of inflicting pain and death upon another individual. Addiction is often the reason for drug use. 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Regression Soft Drink Demand Free Essays

DATA SET 1 Soft Drink Demand Estimation Demand can be estimated with experimental data, time series data or cross section data. Sara Lee Corporation generates experimental data in test stores where the effect of an NFL-licensed Carolina Panthers logo on Champion sweatshirt sales can be carefully monitored. Demand forecasts usually rely on time series data. We will write a custom essay sample on Regression: Soft Drink Demand or any similar topic only for you Order Now In contrast, cross-section data appear in Table 1. Soft drink consumption in cans per year is related to six pack price, income per capita, and mean temperature across the 48 contiguous sates in the United States Question . Estimate the demand for soft drinks using a multiple regression program available on your computer. 2. Interpret the coefficients and calculate the price elasticity of soft drink demand 3. Omit price from the regression equation and observe the bias introduced into the parameter estimate for income. 4. Now omit both price and temperature from the regression equation. Should a marketing plan for soft drinks be designed that relocates most canned drink machines into low income neighborhoods? Why or Why not? DATA SET 2 The data are the results of the following market research experiment by a large company. The company’s total market area was divided into 40 equally populated market areas, and the price to be charged for the product was set to be the same in each area. Then, the weekly amount of advertising expenditure ($) in each of these market areas was set as indicated in column B. The weekly sales (y units) in each market area was then recorded as shown in column C. 1. Use linear regression to estimate a linear equation describing how the value of sales (y) varies with the level of the fitted equation. 2. Assess the validity of the fitted equation. 3. If the product sells at a price of $100 and costs $70 per unit to produce, estimate a linear equation for the company’s weekly profit in terms of its advertising expenditure (x). DATA SET 3 The Sales of Cycle City, a large motorcycle and moped distributor, grew significantly during the 1990s. This past history of sales growth is indicated in data set 3. . What is the compound annual rate of growth in sales for Cycle City over this 10 year period? 2. Based on your answer in part (1) what sales would you have forecasted for the next (2001)? 3. Graph the growth in sales over the 10 years. What happened to the rate of growth over this period? 4. Based on your answer to Part (3), what sales would you have forecasted for 2001. DATA SET 4 Pizza firm The manager of pizza firm collects data on the last 24 month of pizza sales from her own company records. Where Q= sales of pizza at Checkers Pizza P = Price of a pizza at Checker Pizza M = Average annual household income in Westbury Pai = price of a pizza at Al’s Pizza Oven Pbmac = price of Big Mac at McDonald’s 1. Estimate the linear demand function for Checkers Pizza compare to nonlinear model 2. Estimate demand elasticities at values of P, M, Pal, and Pbmac at values P=9. 05, M=26614 , Pal = 10. 12 and Pbmac = 1. 15 (for either demand function) 3. Forecast linear trend regression model to forecast income in month 30 DATA Set 5 The copper data consist of 25 annual observations on world consumption of copper, copper price and the exogenous variables required to estimate industry demand and supply equation Data presented are actually valued for 1950-1975 Qc= world consumption sales of copper in 1000 of metric tons Pc = price of copper in cents per pound (inflation adjusted) M= index of real per capita income 1970=100 Pa = price of aluminum in cents per pound (inflation adjusted) X= ratio of consumption in the previous year to production in the previous year (=Qc/Qp) T=technology (time period is a proxy) 1. Estimate the copper industry demand and supply equation 2. Locate copper demand and supply in year 26 3. Calculate the intersection of the demand and supply functions DATA Set 6 Given data set 6, the quantity demanded of a commodity (Y) ,it’s price (X1) and consumer income (X2) from 1986-2005 1. Estimate the regression equation of Y on X1 and X2 2. Assess the validity of the fitted equation. 3. What is price elasticity at $4 and income elasticity at level 3800? Explain what kind of commodity (Y) is? 4. Forecast linear trend regression model to forecast income in year 2006 How to cite Regression: Soft Drink Demand, Essay examples

The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider Essay Example

The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider Essay A long time ago, I summed up The Outsider in a sentence which I realise is extremely paradoxical: In our society any man who doesnt cry at his mothers funeral is liable to be condemned to death. Albert Camus 8th January 1955 The novel The Outsider establishes a being that is a Nomad or existential in a sense of the society he lives in and the wandering on the cliff beside the sea of introversion and poignancy. Meursault is commonly misunderstood and is regarded as a reject. Furthermore he refuses to lie. A lie is a statement made by someone, in the expectation that the hearers may believe it. In the case of the human heart saying more than one feels, Meursault conforms to the existential presuppositions; this is regarding reality as the state of being, the truth, often unheard of in politics and society. Consequently society feels threatened, by Meursaults refusal to satisfy the feelings of others by showing little remorse for his mothers death. His indifference leads him to be condemned by a trial. In the early stages of the book Meursault is seen as an adverse individual towards society, one who speaks his consciousness. Camus creates a paradoxical character against the normality of society, which brings out stark differences through the use of Meursaults ability to state facts. This narrative effect can be seen from the opening passage, Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday; I dont know. I had a telegram from home: Mother passed away. Funeral tomorrow. Yours sincerely. That doesnt mean anything. It may have been yesterday. We see Meursaults inability to conform to humanity in the event of his mothers death, and the use of the short sentence stating quality. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Stark effects of being absurd in society The Outsider specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He merely retells the dubious facts of her death as mundane as the telegram had stated it. I even had the impression that this dead body in lying there among them, didnt mean anything to them. Referring to his mother to a dead body shows little emotion. Throughout the ordeal of attending the funeral, Meursault treats it with the same destitution of emotion. Conversations are referred to in a chronological order from the catching of the bus to the moment he crawls into bed. Meursault is an anomaly that does not relate directly to others or human experiences, like emotion, affection or love. She asked me again if I love her. I replied much before, that her question meant nothing or next to nothing, but I supposed I didnt. Curious she then asks Suppose another girl had asked you to marry her- mean a girl you liked in the same way as you like me- would you of said yes to her too? He replies with honesty Naturally Meursault enjoys the physical side of his relationship, he likes to drink smoke swim and have sex. When Marie leaves, he lies in bed and tries to get the salty smell of her hair from the pillow. All these things can be pertained. All the secondary characters, contrast to Meursault. Raymond shows anger, Marie shows passion and Salamano shows possessiveness, all these characteristics show that Meursault is detached from society. Albert Camus chose the constituent of heat and sunlight as a metaphor of Meursaults uncorroborated deiscomfort with society. Both of these elements affect Meursault, I could feel my forehead swelling up under the sun. The heat was pushing full against me I set me teeth, closed my fists in my trouser pockets and tensed my whole body in defiance of the sun and of the drunken haze it was pouring into me. These are al connotations of how society affects Meursault drastically. The bright morning sunshine hit me like a slap in the face. This could mean a deliberate rejection from society. Meursault earlier on laments of the effects the sun has on him. I was so tired that I could hardly see or think straight anymore. This quote encompasses the interpretation of the effects and processes of society on Meursault. He finds his mental process is altered, this comment on society shows how it can screen or change the vision of an individual. Again Meursaults estrangement in society is depicted to the reader. The murder of the Arab conforms Meursaults inability to conform to society. The death of the Arab is not the determination of Meursaults fate, around this time Algiers were easily dispensed of because they were considered to be an inferior underclass that had to be tightly controlled. Meursault cannot see any right or wrong with killing the Arab, the action itself was one that is revealed to be caused by the sun in the trial. Meursault is brought to trial; he is not tried for murder, but tried for his virtue. The court system of a Europe institution in North Africa is satirised. The prejudice under French colonial rule would let a man off with a light sentence, however in Meursaults case the jury sees him as a monster for failing to cry at his mothers funeral and commiting unspeakable atrocities while in mourning, swimming, drinking coffee and smoking. The jury fails to recognise personal freedom and choice, which is the fundamental nature of an individuals existence. Society tries to enforce its ideals on Meursault by putting him in jail. Meursault is confused when he realises he is being deprived of his freedom; he tries to understand what is happening to him and therefore tries to understand society. Meursault acts honestly and with no remorse, he feels annoyance towards the magistrate. The frustration Meursault feels leads to more estrangement, which fuels his dislike for society more. In the final chapter, Meursault accepts his fate, which gives him the courage to face his death straight on, and it allows him to come to terms with his position in society. I heard something that I hadnt heard for months. It was the sound of a voice; my own voice, there was no mistaking it. And I recognised it as the voice that for many a day of late had been buzzing in my ears. His voice he hears is the sound of his inner consciousness. This epiphany enables Meurasult to accept his death. He does not wish for his death but in the end invites it its common knowledge that life isnt worth living anyhow. In the last moments of Meursaults doom the prison chaplain tries to convert him. Meursault develops an unsaid philosophy of reality. It gave new meaning to the word life and its true identities. It did not matter to Meursault when or whom committed him to death, he just knew it ended the same. Rejected from society Meursault becomes a martyr in death. When failure seemed imminent Meursaults newly found conscious carries him into a world of discovery. The Outsider is appropriate today as it was when it was first written. Higher powers govern our destiny and if our existence is to mean anything we must find explanation for it ourselves. Camus cardinal rule from a readers interpretation is that society constricts a beings consciousness and indifference, in to the ideals that have been taught since the beginning of time.

The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essays

The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Essays The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Paper The Socio Cultural Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay Paper Chapter 2 2.0Literature Reappraisal There are many research workers who have examined on how touristry affects the local people in a finish. They have worked on how to measure the negative and positive impacts of touristry on society. This literature reappraisal will be based on the research of the socio-cultural impact of touristry on the local people in Mauritius. This literature reappraisal will be completed by seeking for diary articles, relevant surveies which have been antecedently done on the subject. 2.1.1 Overview of Tourism Tourism is an active procedure which include direct and alternate relationship between people and conceiver of touristry merchandises. The interaction between people is the is frequently the necessary characteristic which characterizes a touristry experience. Sheldon A ; Abenoja argued that these experiences can take to both positive and negative impacts and this should be controlled in order to maximise the positive impacts and minimize and negative impacts. Positive and negative characteristic of touristry can be moved to the tourers and the host population as a touristry merchandise can merely be consumed in a finish. One of the most influential socially based programs refined to analyze the impact of touristry has on local people and the environment in which the local people live is on the work of Doxey ( 1975 ) , who was able to show the feeling that local people show as touristry extend and start to utilize greater country of a local economic system over clip. ( Doxey ) besides argued that there are fundamentally four degrees to be considered when measuring local feelings towards the touristry industry. These are as follows: Euphoria: This is where tourist semen to a finish where they are received with small control and planning in a finish Apathies: Tourists are accepted by the local people in a finish, commercialisation takes topographic point and there is a relationship between groups. Irritation: As the touristry industry is being saturated, local people tend to hold uncertainness about a location of touristry. Tourism contrivers increase substructure alternatively of commanding the growing of touristry. Hostility: Local people start to go annoyed and this is presented to tourers and touristry and planning is renewing. 2.1.2Resident-visitor dealingss: Doxey s Irridex It became clear that without the support of stakeholders, touristry would non be successful in the long term. This is specifically suited for the communities who host the visitants. Doxey ( 1975 ) , Doxey suggested an easy set of phases, showing a host community response to and relationship with an increasing figure of visitants. He suggested that local acceptance thresholds and the the opposition of the host community to the increasing figure of touristry development established a fright that they might lose community individuality. Furthermore, Doxey s ( 1975 ) Index of Irritation ( Irridex ) symbolizes the go uping sensitiveness of local occupants as the impact that visitants cause additions. Kreag ( 2001 ) said that the figure of impacts from touristry is physically broad and it frequently has the authorization on countries beyond those normally linked with touristry. It is hard to mensurate the exact type and magnitudes of impacts of touristry as they can non be viewed in a separate manner because the consequence brought by touristry entirely and the consequence which has been accomplished by other agents of alteration such as modernisation, development, and the influence of media Archer A ; Cooper, ( 1994 ) ; Lickorish A ; Jenkin, ( 1997 ) ; Mathieson A ; Wall, ( 1982 ) . 2.1.3 Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism Oppermann A ; Chon, ( 1997 ) , argued that the socio cultural impacts should be available in towns and it should be designed in such a manner in order to accomplish the ideals of sustainable development. Smith ( 1995 ) reported that the socio-cultural impacts of touristry occur when there is the interaction between the host , or local people, and invitees , or tourers. However, Glasson, Gofrey and Goodey ( 1995 ) argued that the socio-cultural impacts are the people impacts of touristry and it concentrates on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours alterations and quality of life of occupants in a finish. It has been stated by Opperman and Chon ( 1997 ) that tourer and the host interactions does non hold consequence on the hosts and the society of the host, but besides it has an consequence on the tourers and the tourers societies. Cooper et al. , ( 1998 ) ; said that socio-cultural impacts have both positive and negative signifiers and it is the hosts and the invitees who are affected, Oppermann A ; Chon, ( 1997 ) . Furthermore, Pi-Sunyer, ( 1973 ) , stated that socially and culturally, touristry has frequently been victim of societal tensenesss. Boissevain, ( 1979 ) ; Tsartas, ( 1992 ) argues it can be noted that the chief impacts affected by the tourers and host relationship are the presentation consequence, that is when the behavior of the hosts community is developed in such a manner to copy the tourers. During their stay in a finish tourists interact with the local occupants and this interaction brings an result such as alterations in the quality of life of the host s community, value system, labour division, household relationships, attitudes, behavioral forms, ceremonials and originative looks, Fox ( 1977 ) ; Cohen ( 1984 ) ; Pizam and Milman ( 1984 ) . De Kadt ( 1979 ) have stated that the brushs of tourers and the hosts occur when tourers are purchasing goods and services from any host single where there are at the same topographic point and at the same clip and where they can interchange thoughts and information. Another type of brush which occurs in touristry is where there is a failure in advancing common apprehension among different states and stereotypes prevail, Nettekoven ( 1979 ) ; Krippendorf ( 1987 ) ; OGrady ( 1990 ) . In add-on, White ( 1974 ) ; Brougham and Butler ( 1977 ) ; Jeffs and Tavis ( 1989 ) ; Wallace ( 1997 ) reported that socio-cultural impacts of touristry besides include alteration in the linguistic communication that is used in a finish growing in the ingestion of alkies, offense, harlotry and chancing Young ( 1973 ) ; Graburn 1983 ; OGrady ( 1990 ) . Harmonizing to Brunt and Courtney ( 1999 ) argued that socio cultural impacts of when there is the interaction of tourists-host could be utilized to host oc cupants and was affected by their function and their relationship within the touristry industry. 2.1.4 Communities Perspective of Tourism Fredline, ( 2004 ) considered the attitude of local people the big scope of the positive and negative impacts of touristry on the community at big and single can be analysed. Ratz ( 2002 ) said that the lives of the host s community are changed by two major factors which are viz. the tourists-host relationship and the development of the touristry industry itself. Local people and foreign companies are encouraged to put in different types of tourer endeavors Larsen ( 1998 ) and this is looked in such a scheme to actuate economic activities to take topographic point which will do the province become richer. In a host community, non every people perceive the impacts of touristry in the same mode. Researchs say that the degree of satisfaction of occupants in a finish and their attitudes in relation to touristry are conditional on their perceptual experience of the impact of touristry. Resident s reponse to touristry impacts It is of import to cognize the reaction of occupants to touristry and the schemes that they use to minimise the negative impacts from the touristry exchange. Two theories which is the Doxey Irridex theoretical account and the touristry country life-cycle theoretical account by pantryman ( 1980 ) were used to to explicate occupant s reactions to touristry. However it has been said that these two theories are excessively unidirectional and massive, being non able to place that different sets of schemes may be available at the same time within a part, Dogan ( 1989 ) . The theories that have been viewed in the past old ages as the most efficient 1s, were based on the option of the Butler ( 1975 ) and of Dogan ( 1989 ) : Butler ( 1975 ) describing a past work by Bjorkland and Philbrick, analysed the advancement that occurs when two or more civilizations come into interaction and suggested this work within the residents-tourist relationship ; he stated that the occupant s attitudes can be favorable and unfavorable during their communicating and occupant s behavioral response towards touristry could be working or digesting from these differences, a four-cell continuity topologies was developed. 2.1.5 Socio-Cultural sustainability Cultural sustainability is the care of local values, the manner that people live in their environment and individuality Heikkinen et Al. ( 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Besculides, Lee, A ; McCornick, 2002 ; Simpson, ( 2008 ) the cultural and societal as facet of sustainability may be supported by touristry development by allowing a alteration of worsening traditional industries appealing substructure development advancing pride mentioning to civilization and community, furthering cultural credence amongst visitants, maintaining cultural heritage, furthering transverse institutional credence and convey into being educational favourable fortunes. However, Liu ( 2003 ) ; Stronza, ( 2007 ) , argued that touristry can convey up new life styles, belief, and values to hosts, and come through alterations in the life signifier of the communities. 2.1.6 Positive socio-cultural impact of touristry United Nations, ( 1996 ) ; Jamaica Sustainable Development Network, 2001 ; Tourism Product Development Company ( 2005 ) ; du Cros ; ( 2001 ) , Tourism brings into part of an betterment of the societal substructure in a finish. Cultural development can be considered as a positive impact of touristry. Assorted state of affairss exist where touristry is the active force behind the saving and consciousness of local civilization and traditions. 2.1.7 Negative socio-cultural impacts of touristry For some islands, there are negative societal impact that are created due to touristry. An addition in the monetary value leads to a autumn in the criterion of life of the local community. Fishermans are deprived from their business. Sometimes locals are prevented to acquire entree to public beaches as most hotels give precedence to tourers to bask the beaches and therefore locals are left with lone portion of the beaches. Furthermore, there are capacity issues where the beaches are overcrowded which leads to traffic congestion and noise pollution, change by reversal socialization and high offense rates besides occur ( United Nations, 1996 ; PA Consulting Group, ( 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Hejazeen ( 2007 ) , he distinguished the socio-cultural impacts of touristry on five communities at five historical sites around Jordan. In Petra Hejazeen ( 2007 ) noticed that there were a figure of negative impacts such as people get downing to devour alcohol drinks, kids who are non traveling to s chool, and the job of co-modification whereby the local people imitate the tourers. 2.1.8 Physical influences doing societal emphasis The physical power that increasing touristry has on a finish can do societal emphasis because this brush the local community. Cultural devolution such as harm to cultural heritage may take topographic point from hooliganism, littering, pilferage and illegal remotion of cultural heritage points or by altering the historical landscape that surrounds it. Resource usage struggles will originate because there is a competition between the host community and the tourers for doing usage of premier resources such as H2O and energy which are limited in supply. Conflicts will originate when there will be the building of hotels in coastal countries. 2.2.8 Culture Clangs As touristry is the motion of people to different topographic points geographically and topographic points of societal relation between tourers and the hosts, civilization clangs may come frontward because of differences in their civilizations, cultural and spiritual groups, values, life styles, linguistic communications and degrees of prosperity. There will be economic inequality between local people and the tourers as they spend more than they frequently spend in an economic system. 2.2.9 Behaviour of tourers doing annoyance Tourists normally fail to esteem local people and their moral values due to carelessness in a finish. They may non esteem the locals traditions by taking images where they are non allowed to make so and they may besides be non good dressed in spiritual topographic points like temples, mosques, and church. 2.2.3 Crime Jud ( 1975 ) stated that sum of condemnable motion confronting foreign tourers grows as the figure of illegal opportunities addition. He besides said that the more tourers reaching in a finish will ensue in more opportunities for offense to take topographic point. However, Lin and Loeb ( 1977 ) argued that there might non be a certain connexion between tourers and condemnable activities. Furthermore, Bernasco and Luykx ( 2003 ) stated that there are three factors which pull offenses against belongings and these are attraction, chance and handiness. As a consequence if communities do non protect themselves and amiss put in order by external bureaus, some persons will precise their personal disposition and devotedness towards condemnable behavior. Furthermore, Shaw and Mc Kay ( 1992 ) stated that a weak organisational signifier within a community may bring forth an environment more favourable for felons against people and frailty versa. 2.3.1 Job degree clash There has been a deficiency of professional preparation and low-paid touristry occupations such as server, cleaner horticulture are offered to local people whereas the higher-paying occupations are like managerial occupations are offered to aliens. 2.3.2 Change of local individuality and values Conventional touristry can convey impact alteration or loss of acknowledgment and values and leads to influences as stated below: 2.3.3 Commercialization of local civilization Tourism can turn local civilization into merchandise and this is when spiritual traditions, local imposts and festivals are diminished to set to tourist outlooks and this has been called as reconstructed ethnicity. 2.3.4 Standardization A finish purpose is to fulfill and it risk standardisation, adjustment, nutrient and drinks, etc must run into the privation of the tourers in a finish 2.3.5 Adaptation to tourist demands In finish tourers have the desire to purchase keepsakes, humanistic disciplines, trades, cultural manifestations. Craftsmen in many tourers finishs have changed their merchandises by planing new types to do them fit the new client s gustatory sensations. 2.3.6 Increase of Prostitution and sex touristry Harmonizing to the WTO ( World Tourism Organisation ) experts ( 1994 ) sex touristry has its chief purpose that consequence of a commercial sexual relationship. Sexual activity touristry is perfectly touchable brush in which the spouse is non any longer an alive object. Many work forces go to Asia to take Asiatic misss because no communicating is possible. Sex workers can be migratory adult females in a finish from neighboring states. Furthermore, sex touristry has impacted to an addition in AIDS in India. It has been discovered that upper class hotels have their supply for sex touristry to take topographic point. Sexual activity touristry is besides linked to drug pedlars who search for long holiday tourers at inexpensive finishs. 2.3.7 The economic impacts of touristry Loomis and Walsh ( 1997 ) stated that concerns and public organisations are increasingly demoing involvement in the economic impacts of touristry at national, province and local degrees as the touristry industry contributes to the state s balance of payment ( BOP ) and this provide a great supply of income, said Tatoglu, Erdal, Ozgur, A ; Azakli, ( 2000 ) . The World Traven and Tourism Council ( 2012 ) reported that touristry can be good to an economic system in footings of increasing the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . Furthermore, Andereck Valentine, Knopf and Vogt ( 2005 ) reported that touristry industries can hold a positive consequence on the economic system of a community by set uping diverseness, and revenue enhancement gross. Furthermore touristry is taken into consideration as a determiner that provides a higher living criterion and which consequence to pull investors to make investings and tourers to pass which as a consequence creates greater benefits than costs Brida, reported Osti A ; Faccioli, ( 2011 ) . 2.3.8 The benefits that tourism conveying in an economic system Rithie, 2000 ; Carolson A ; Millan, ( 2002 ) ; Getz, ( 2005 ) said that the events in a finish tend to better the substructure and development capacity. Westerbeek et Al. ( 2005, p. 133 ) reported that when substructure is good articulated consisting of physical locales, adjustment and installations such as conveyance can take a an even to success and cut downing costs, bettering the convenience of witness, every bit good as the jock and long term benefits for the local community when the event ends. 2.3.9 Multiplier consequence Tourism as a supply of income is hard to mensurate, this is because it creates multiplier consequence Clarke et Al, ( 2009 ) ; Brida et Al, ( 2010 ) ; Rastegar, ( 2010 ) . Multiplier consequence is the copiousness of money which is generated due to tourist disbursement in an economic system it increases as it passes through different countries of the economic system reported Dritsakis, ( 2008 ) ; Boopen, ( 2006 ) . Tourism does non merely take to employment chances but besides motivates growing in the primary and secondary sectors of the industry. Primary touristry sectors viz. , lodging, dining, transit, amusements and retail trade are influenced straight and most of the other sectors are have impacts of the secondary effects. 2.4 Direct consequence in the economic system These are production alterations which are linked with the existent effects of alterations in touristry outgos. An addition in the figure of tourers remaining in a hotel would take to an addition in net incomes due to gross revenues in the hotel sector. Direct effects of tourers passing besides include hotel payments for rewards and wages, revenue enhancements, and supplies and services. 2.4.1 Indirect consequence in the economic system This is the re disbursement of the hotel industry s grosss in other behind industries. For illustration industries which supplies merchandises and services to hotels. Alteration in gross revenues, occupations, and income in the linen supply industry shows another country of indirect effects after all linking hotels to assorted grades to multiple other economic sectors in the part. 2.4.2 Induced consequence in the economic system Induced consequence is the household income earned straight or indirectly by touristry disbursement. For illustration employees from the hotel and employees from the linen supply are supported straight and indirectly by touristry, they spend their money in the local part disbursals of lodging, nutrient, transit and disbursement of added pay, salary, or proprietors income are considered as induced consequence. 2.4.3 Indirect effects of touristry on GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) Tourism is a large component of the services economic system, stand foring 30 % of international trade in services. Taking into history of the gross, the T20 states generate about 70 % of planetary tourer activity. In add-on, the part that touristry can do to the growing of the economic system is found in its indirect impacts, which in the T20 states demoing over 45 % of touristry s entire parts to the GDP. These indirect impacts which are linked both to goods and services bought by the touristry sector and to investing and public disbursement multiplied by touristry are an of import factor of economic growing. 2.4.4 The exchange rate consequence of touristry Tourism is a major foreign currency earner as it supplies the market with foreign currency and this market would non be if touristry would non be so big. This diminishes the cost of foreign currency below what it would otherwise be. 2.4.5 Creation of employment Harmonizing to Bridenhann and Wickens, ( 2004 ) , touristry is an industries among many other industries which has the highest power to lend towards occupation creative activity and economic development, particularly in rural countries. 2.4.6 Environmental impact of touristry Negative environmental impacts takes topographic point when the degree of visitants in a state exceeds the transporting capacity of an environment or usage greater infinite that is required for an environment. When it is uncontrolled, it brings menaces to many natural countries around the universe. The environment quality, natural and semisynthetic is of great importance to touristry. However, the relationship with the environment is intricate. The environmental impact is related with the building of the general substructure in a finish such as roads and airdromes, and of the installations of touristry, such as resorts, hotels, eating houses, stores, golf classs. As the negative impacts of touristry can destruct the environment in the long-run, and these impacts should be minimized. Further literature of the negative environmental impact of touristry is as follows: 2.4.7 Land Degradation The of import resources of land are fertile dirt, woods, wetlands and wildlife. Due to an addition in the building of touristry installations at that place has been force per unit area on these resources. Direct impact can be caused by supplying tourers with the installations needed such as adjustment and other substructure needed on the environment. Furthermore, when there is deforestation, forest frequently suffers from this catastrophe. 2.4.8 Air and noise pollution Pollution is something harmful that begins into the environment and these harmful stuffs are called pollutants. It can be natural such as volcanic ash. Pollution can be besides produced by human activity for illustration rubbish or overflow produced by mills. Pollutants damage the quality of air, H2O and land. There are assorted things that are utile to people create pollution. Cars eject pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to bring forth electricity pollutes the air. Industries and places spread refuse and sewerage that can foul the land and H2O. 2.4.9 Impacts on Biodiversity Tourism can do loss of biodiversity in assorted ways for illustration by viing the wildlife for home ground and natural resources. Negative impact on biodiversity can be caused by treading, emphasis in animate beings, import of occupying species, devastation of home grounds, marine home ground impairment. 2.5 Strain on H2O resources Water is one of the of import resource that is needed to last and for a concern to go on to run H2O is need in the mundane operation of the concern. Hotels usage H2O in swimming pools, golf classs and besides H2O is used by the tourers for personal usage. Therefore there is a inclination for deficit of H2O and bring forthing a greater volume of effluent. 2.5.1 Energy Use Hotels use immense volume of H2O. Tourists remaining in a hotel usage on mean 1/3 more H2O per twenty-four hours than a local dweller. The ingestion of energy per M2 per twelvemonth by one star hotel is 157kwh ( 380 KWh in a four star hotel ) ( EEA, 2003 ) . However, the substructure is non suited as it has been designed to get by with peak periods. 2.5.2 The function of the UNWTO, ( United Nations World Tourism Organisation ) towards the environment In order to forestall the unfavourable impacts of clime alteration, the IPCC studies 2007 need 25-40 % emanation decrease sphere for the Annex 1 Parties ( industrialised states ) by 2020, compared to the footing twelvemonth 1995. 2.5.3 Natural resource depletion Natural resource depletion, the use of land alteration, pollution and the debasement of the environment are the dominant impacts on the environment because of the speedy enlargement of touristry in many finishs and without appropriate schemes to protect natural-cultural resources from the force per unit area of touristry Bramwell and Lane, ( 2010 ) ; Davenport and Davenport, ( 2006 ) ; Gossling, ( 2002 ) ; Favro et al. , ( 2010 ) ; Kuvan, ( 2005 ) ; Madan and Rawat, ( 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Welford et al. , ( 1999 ) said that sustainable touristry has been contending with uncontrolled and unplanned touristry and this includes steps to decrease the negative impacts that mass touristry causes such as the devastation of delicate ecosystem and local civilization and besides the depletion of natural resources. 2.5.4 Ecotourism Society ( Ties ) which is an ecotourism society argued that ecotourism is people going responsibly to countries of nature and they keep the environment clean by being witting about their act towards the environment and better the wellbeing of the local people. With the activity of ecotourism, most of the net incomes remain in the local economic system and it is of a smaller proportion and holding low import escape. 2.5.5 The finish lifecycle About all finishs have a lifecycle. Harmonizing to the pantryman theoretical account, the basic thought of 1980 is that a finish starts about unknown and there is besides a limited figure of visitants as due to deficiency of entree, installations, and local cognition which is labeled as the geographic expedition phase Miller and Gallucci, ( 2004 ) . Butler s Tourism Area Lifecycle Model 2.5.6 The 7 phases of tourer development Exploration: The geographic expedition phase is when merely a little figure of tourers visit a finish. At this phase, the country remains good since there are few tourers and the handiness of installations is limited. The finish is deserted and has a sleepy visual aspect with small or there might be no development. At this phase, a limited figure of concerns exist and the provided installations are owned by the local people. Engagement: The engagement phase includes local people that start to supply installations to tourers within the finish and it becomes to be recognized as a tourer finish. In the engagement phase, there is an interaction between the locals and the visitants and this will stay high. Tooman ( 1996 ) , said that the engagement phase is where touristry does non impact the economic system, it can make desirable effects and the benefits goes to the local people be bring forthing linkages, economic diverseness, and more clip to set up the history to command growing of the touristry sector. Development: The development phase takes topographic point when the host state starts to do people cognizant about the finish through advertisement and the country starts to be recognized as a tourer finish. At this phase the local people tend to back up the consequence that touristry conveying to their state because it contributes economically, Bramwell ( 2003 ) . Consolidation: This is where the finish continues to pull the figure of tourers. The growing of tourers Numberss may non be fast as in the other phases as there exists some tensenesss between the host community and the tourer. Stagnation: The stagnancy phase takes topographic point when the installations that are provided to tourers start to go old as tourers are bored with the installations which has been provided long ago. At this phase, the figure of tourers in a finish may take to a diminution. Rejuvenation: Rejuvenation occurs when there is the demand for betterment. At this phase, investing and modernisation may happen and may ensue to an addition in visitants Numberss. Decline: The diminution phase occurs when the greening ( phase ) has non taken topographic point yet. As a consequence, people working in the touristry industry lose their occupations and the image of the finish besides suffers. 2..5.7 What is civilization? Culture has a specific function in the reconstitution of an urban economic system and individuality, an spread outing literature appears on culture-led regeneration in the metropoliss of the improved universe. Regeneration is the complete alteration of a topographic point that is demoing cogent evidence of physical, societal and economic diminution, said Evan ( 2005 ) . However, civilization is said to be an inducement for the regeneration development, although the judge articulate the chief clangs. Jensen ( 2007 ) reported that while culture-led regeneration work attempt to re-build the urban economic system and image, they frequently offer concern to development ends such as economic, belongings development and urban entrepreneurialism instead than the sort of life aims, the safety of local beings, societal justness. Hofstede, ( 2001 ) ; Reschner, ( 1969 ) reported that civilization can come on easy over clip or may modify wholly in a short clip period due to a fluctuation in engin eering, alteration in values, inclusion by another more dominating civilization and catastrophe of large-scale and country as wars affliction and natural semisynthetic catastrophes. Furthermore, Richards and Wilson, ( 2006 ) ; Zukin, ( 1995 ) reported that cultural heritage is the chief attractive force of metropoliss, cultural heritage preserves the cultural values of the topographic point and links people to their assembled memories, they besides said that metropoliss have now made a concern of civilization and cultural topographic points in most instances become more market-oriented because of lessenings in the degree of public support, reported Richard, ( 1996 ) . However, while civilization remain an of import component for touristry and urban economic system, the meaning of civilization becomes more unsure. Jensen ( 2007 ) defines civilization as a manner of life, while cultural assets becomes the creative activity of a topographic point that includes both touchable and intangible qualities. Hence cultural touristry is no more somewhat the imaged decline of high civilization graphicss such as galleries, theatres and architecture, but is turning for the inc lusion of giving visitants the chance of swamping off the ambiance, Galdini, 2007 ; Richards, 1996 ) . Reisinger A ; Turner, ( 1999 ) stated that while there is no universally agreed definition of civilization, there is no transcultural variable by which civilization can wholly differentiated and successfully compared. In researching in the image of a finish, nationality is likely to be the cardinal asking variable to understand differences in perceptual experience among visitants holding assorted civilizations, Beerli A ; Martin, ( 2004 ) ; A Campo A ; Garau, 2008 ; A Joppe et al. , ( 2001 ) ; A MacKay A ; Fesenmaier, ( 1997 ) ; A Mayo A ; Jarvis, ( 1981 ) ; A Prayag A ; Ryan, ( 2011 ) ; A Ryan A ; Cave, ( 2005 ) .A Dann ( 1993, pp 108-109 ) argued as touristry is a planetary phenomenon societies in a finish are non any longer in an orderly manner and this does non do sense to take into consideration national designation within many societies as many tourer have different nationalities and the state where they have taken birth may non be the same as the state of their nationality. Furthermore, civilization and individuality issues must be taken into history as these are a challenge in offering sustainability in touristry, as respects guaranting sustainability in touristry, continuing existent civilization and individuality of people who are populating and working at touristry finishs. Additionally, touristry will take to a disappearing of local individuality and values Griswold, ( 2004 ) ; A Hitchcock, ( 1999 ) ; A Santos A ; Buzinde, ( 2007 ) . 2.5.8 Social Exchange Theory Blau ( 1964, p.91 ) stated that ( SET ) refers to societal exchange as voluntary actions of persons that are inspirited by what they expect in returns to convey and normally execute in fact bring from others. ( SET ) makes spouses in a relationship more affiliated and organizes common trust, Moore and Cunningham III, ( 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Long, Perdue and Allen ( 1990 ) reported that there has been a favourable attitude toward touristry was straight linked to back up for growing of the tourer base. SET consists of a psychological and sociological position that demonstrates the alteration and stableness as a method of discussed exchanges between people in society. In taking into history of the human societal interactions, societal exchange theory operates on the belief that persons are in most instances rational and acquire into computations of costs and benefits in societal exchanges. This exchange of benefits is besides encase in the cultural construct of guanxi or relationsh ips among the Chinese people which have affected concern relationship for centuries in Asia. Furthermore, ( SET ) forecasts societal relationships to be established on each spouse s motivational part and foreseen net incomes. ( SET ) besides says that clients involve themselves in a relationship because they want to accomplish something that by themselves they can non in turn achieve. Customers will besides confirm whether they want to maintain the relationship or to stop it.

Ain Ghazal - Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site in the Levant of Ain Ghazal

'Ain Ghazal - Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site in the Levant of 'Ain Ghazal The site of Ain Ghazal is an early Neolithic village site located along the banks of the Zarqa River near Amman, Jordan. The name means Spring of the Gazelles, and the site has major occupations during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period, about 7200 and 6000 BC; the PPNC period (ca. 6000-5500 BC) and during the early pottery Neolithic, between ca 5500-5000 BC. Ain Ghazal covers some 30 acres, three times the size of the similarly dated levels at Jericho. The PPNB occupation has several multiroomed rectangular dwellings which were built and rebuilt at least five times. Nearly 100 burials have been recovered from this period. Living at Ain Ghazal Ritual behavior seen at Ain Ghazal include the presence of numerous human and animal figurines, some large human statues with distinctive eyes, and some plastered skulls. Five large lime plaster statues were recovered, of quasi-human forms made of reed bundles covered with plaster. The forms have square torsos and two or three heads. Recent excavations at Ain Ghazal have considerably augmented knowledge of several aspects of the Neolithic. Of particular interest has been the documentation of a continuous, or near continuous, occupation from early through late Neolithic components, and a concomitant dramatic economic shift. This shift was from a broad subsistence base relying on a variety of both wild and domestic plants and animals, to an economic strategy reflecting an apparent emphasis on pastoralism. Domesticated wheat, barley, peas and lentils have been identified at Ain Ghazal, as well as a wide variety of wild forms of these plants and animals such as gazelle, goats, cattle and pigs. No domesticated animals were identified in the PPNB levels, although by the PPNC period, domestic sheep, goats, pigs, and probably cattle were identified. Sources Ain Ghazal is a part of the About.com Guide to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Goren, Yuval, A. N. Goring-Morris, and Irena Segal 2001 The technology of skull modelling in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB): Regional variability, the relation of technology and iconography and their archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:671-690. Grissom, Carol A. 2000 Neolithic Statues from Ain Ghazal: Construction and Form. American Journal of Archaeology 104(1). Free download Schmandt-Besserat, Denise 1991 A stone metaphor of creation. Near Eastern Archaeology 61(2):109-117. Simmons, Alan H., et al. 1988 Ain Ghazal: A Major Neolithic Settlement in Central Jordan. Science 240:35-39. This glossary entry is part of the Dictionary of Archaeology.

Ritual, Rite, Practice, Culture of Geishas in Japan Research Paper

Ritual, Rite, Practice, Culture of Geishas in Japan - Research Paper Example Diversity witnessed in societies implies that communication at the global level is complicated and various social background attributes require studies including rituals, heritage, and culture. To illustrate the importance of these attributes, the following discourse highlights the Geisha women tradition to understand certain characteristics of Japanese cross-cultural communication. Geishas are female artists and entertainers observing a conservative form of ancient Japanese civilization and culture in various aspects from attire to music. Tracing back to several centuries back in history, Geisha art was designed to entertain powerful political elites of the Japanese civilization such as emperors. According to (Cass 12), influential regional conservative politics such as the one in China’s Ming Dynasty with a traditional and conservative outlook dictated the nature of the practice of the art that was designed for such political class. Propagation of the entertainment tradition for the nobility became a prestigious art form, which in line with the conservative clients took shape of the conservative Japanese traditions that were witnessed elsewhere. Apart from specific regalia designed for the performance, the female artists undergo theatrical makeup on the face and hair that add flair and flavor to the performance. The performance of Japanese music and da nce after spells of specialized training present the Geisha as among the few undoubted custodians of Japanese cultural heritage (Brown and Iwasaki 3). The performance of the entertainment does not only present the practice as a highly organized tradition but also as an important entertainment activity with far reaching sociocultural and political implications in Japan and across the globe. In terms of the communication attributes that the cross-cultural draws from the Geishas, modernity and tradition issues emerge as strong forces of the society that need special attention. Geisha

Public Health Policy and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Public Health Policy and Society - Essay Example In April 2008, the Australian government increased Alcopops tax by seventy percent (Squires, 2008). Ever since, the government has been collecting these taxes and withholding them from the liqueur companies. By May this year, the government had collected more than four hundred million dollars (Squires, 2008). A bill was passed by the lower house of Australian parliament that allowed the government to keep that money. The bill was passed in the month of May (Skov, 2009). This bill is highly likely to be passed by the senate. Another bill allowed the government to go on collecting those taxes until May 2010. The aim is to bring to the floor of the house a bill that aims to make this taxation a permanent feature of Australian tax revenues. This taxation aims to cut down on the production and consumption of alcohol in Australia. This will be in line with other developed countries that charge the liquor companies higher taxes. The alcopop tax was introduced to curb the consumption of ready to drink alcohol. This kind of alcohol is what is referred to as alcopop (Skov, 2009). It includes those canned beers that are sold in the supermarkets, for example Smirnoff, vodka amongst others. It is not only aimed at those canned drinks but all form of alcoholic beverages that are ready to drink, excluding the spirits. This taxation has been informed by the issues of the health of the Australian public. This was a result of the realization that â€Å"social context and the health of the community and individuals are interlinked† (Macdonald, 2005: 53). Therefore alcoholism, a social aspect, affects the health of the public. Alcopop taxation has been welcomed by the Royal Australian College of Physicians (Skov, 2009). Though it has not yet been passed by the senate, the college believes that this is a step in the right direction. This is because alcoholism has been found to be a very important public health issue (Macdonald,